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Objective To explore the effect of sleep deprivation (SD) on cognitive evaluation of affective picture. Methods Korty-three undergraduates were recruited and assigned to sleep deprivation group (n 23) and sleep control group (n=20). Because two students in the sleep control group did not participate in retest task and one student data of the test were bst. 17 people was eventually included in the sleep control group. The students in the sleep deprivation group received sleep deprivation at the end of the test (from 22:00 to next day 8:00). The sleep control group had no intervention. A total of 206 affective pictures (108 test and 108 retest) were selected from International Affective Picture System (1APS) and categorized as positive, neutral and negative pictures. The Positive and Negative Affect Scale ( PANAS) was used to investigate the subjective mood ratings of participants at test and retest in two groups and to evaluate the effect of SD on cognitive evaluation of affective pictures. Results SD showed no significant effect on the evaluation of positive and negative pictures, but it showed a negative bias in valence ratings for neutral pictures, with significant difference found for neutral pictures between test and retest in sleep deprivation group (P<0. 01). but not in the sleep control group (P= 0.12). After controlling covariance subjective emotion, the negative bias caused by SD still existed for the neutral pictures. The arousal ratings for affective pictures in sleep deprivation group was significantly higher than that in sleep control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Our results indicate that sleep is important in emotional evaluation, and SD can lead to a negative bias for neutral stimuli.
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Pharmacokinetic behavior of orally administrated formulations involves dissolution and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which is required for the systemic effects of a drug. The dissolution and subsequent penetration through the intestinal epithelia is a vital step toward in vivo bioavailability. A lot of effort has been devoted to the study of physiological characteristics of GIT by means of in vitro dissolution methods or in vitro permeation methods. Moreover, drug dissolution/permeation synchronous evaluation technology could be employed to predict the process of drug dissolution and absorption by the combination of dissolution apparatus and permeation apparatus. Better prediction tools are priority in the critical path initiative of US Food and Drug Administration. The studies and applications of the drug dissolution/permeation synchronous evaluation technology are attracting more and more attention each year. However, there is no systematic review on the theoretical basis and the recent development. Therefore, in this review, we will give an overview on the physiological basis and theoretical basis of the drug dissolution/permeation synchronous evaluation technology, as well as their recent advances of this kind of equipments at home and abroad. Moreover, we have also compared their advantages and disadvantages, and the applicable scopes. With hope that the critical path study will promote the development of innovative drug research and development, and improve the druggability.
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Sleep is very important for maintaining normal emotional function. Sleep deprivation has been shown to decrease the individual positive emotion and enhance the level of negative ones. This paper reviews the current findings with regard to the effects of sleep deprivation on emotional state, hoping to better understand the underlying mechanisms by which sleep deprivation affects individual emotion from the following perspectives:emotional brain networks, rapid eye movement sleep, emotional information processing, energy supplying and emotional background.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Several studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have indicated that cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) might improve cognitive function by changing brain activations in patients with schizophrenia. However, the results were not consistent in these changed brain areas in different studies. The present activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether cognitive function change was accompanied by the brain activation changes, and where the main areas most related to these changes were in schizophrenia patients after CRT. Analyses of whole-brain studies and whole-brain + region of interest (ROI) studies were compared to explore the effect of the different methodologies on the results.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A computerized systematic search was conducted to collect fMRI and PET studies on brain activation changes in schizophrenia patients from pre- to post-CRT. Nine studies using fMRI techniques were included in the meta-analysis. Ginger ALE 2.3.1 was used to perform meta-analysis across these imaging studies.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The main areas with increased brain activation were in frontal and parietal lobe, including left medial frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, right postcentral gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule in patients after CRT, yet no decreased brain activation was found. Although similar increased activation brain areas were identified in ALE with or without ROI studies, analysis including ROI studies had a higher ALE value.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The current findings suggest that CRT might improve the cognition of schizophrenia patients by increasing activations of the frontal and parietal lobe. In addition, it might provide more evidence to confirm results by including ROI studies in ALE meta-analysis.</p>
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Humans , Brain , Cognition , Cognitive Remediation , Likelihood Functions , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Positron-Emission Tomography , Schizophrenia , Diagnostic Imaging , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
Cocktail probe substrates approach is a fast, sensitive and high through put method to determine cytochrome P450 enzymes activity. It has been widely used to screen early drug development, analyze drug metabolism types and confirm the metabolism pathways, study drug-drug interactions, optimize clinical regimen, evaluate post marketing drugs and help liver/kidney pathological studies. This article reviewed characteristics of Cocktail probe substrates, focused on the application to traditional Chinese medicine to CYP450 system as follows: the metabolic pathway research of Chinese herb active ingredients; processing way and compatibility of medical herbs affect CYP450; find out the metabolic characteristic of Chinese patent medicine, study in pharmacy of national minority; do research in liver protective effect of traditional Chinese medicine and evaluate traditional Chinese medicine syndromes in animal models. This article make a summary of existing research results and also make a comparison of cocktail probe substrates approach application to western medicine and Chinese medicine.
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This experiment was expected to test whether nitric oxide (NO) exerted significant effect on the central respiratory rhythm. Experiments were performed on in vitro brainstem slice preparations from neonatal rats. These preparations include the medial region of the nucleus retrofacialis (mNRF); a part of pre-Bötinger complex, ventral respiratory group (VRG) and dorsal respiratory group (DRG). Respiratory-related burst activities were recorded from hypoglossal nerve rootlets before and during superfusion of the slice preparation with L-Arginine (L-Arg), sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or 7-nitro indazole (7-NI, an inhibitor of NO synthase). After perfusion with L-Arg and SNP, there was no significant change in respiratory rhythmical discharge activity (RRDA), but 7-NI decreased the integral amplitude of burst and inspiratory time. These results indicate that NO may take part in the inspiratory off-switching mechanism and that it also modulates the amplitude of respiratory-related bursts.